police fragmentation - 1356 Words

POLICE FRAGMENTATION Police Fragmentation The Nature of Policing in the United States will constantly change based on certain events that happen. The government will always look for ways to adjust, trying to make policing more efficient, fair, and effective. Unlike policing in other countries, the structure of policing in the United States is extremely fragmented. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, there are currently 21,000 federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies in the United States. In different levels of the government, there are thousands of different agencies that are responsible for specific tasks. Due to a high amount of different law†¦show more content†¦In general, they all these agencies were created in order to centralize the administration and coordination of many existing agencies. Reluctance of Congress to empower any one agency with too much federal law enforcement authority prevents a â€Å"national police†. The United States system of policing is v ery unique compared to other countries. Many people believe that the American system of policing is extremely fragmented and loosely coordinated, which leads it to beingShow MoreRelatedEssay on Wildlife Endangerment Due to Human Intervention in Nature1624 Words   |  7 PagesWildlife Endangerment Due to Human Intervention in Nature The driving force behind today’s alarming decline in species is the destruction, degradation and fragmentation of habitat due to our increasing human population and wasteful consumption of resources.1 Everyday wildlife is forced to seek refuge in very remote, small areas. As the human population increases, land that was once inhabited by wildlife is urbanized to suit human needs. In other words, the land available for wildlife to surviveRead MoreThe Organization Of Criminal Justice Functions1449 Words   |  6 Pagesthe neighborhood behave, such as being more cautious and staying home after dark. The system shows an appearance to create change without input from outside the system. Law enforcement, if not addressing these issues is failing and causing strain on police and community relations. (Klofas, 57) In adhering to the functional system of organization we can see that complex systems are powered by relationships, and relationships that are affected by both direct action and influence. Understanding these influencesRead MoreCultural Considerations1618 Words   |  7 Pagesprinciples, and how they coincide within today’s police forces. The military employment across the countries in the Middle East and Europe has brought police forces into question. The local police forces have their own way of training that is similar to the military training. The military is helping individuals that are being abused by the hands of the police. In most of these cases where military law is present and security is more existing the police appear to be more on the military side than workingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie 21 Jump Street Essay894 Words   |  4 Pagesaround two undercover police officers. It all started in high school. Schmidt was a less popular honor roll student where as Jenko was a popular jock who lacked the necessary intelligence to get through high school. After graduation, both Schmidt and Jenko joined the police force, which sparked their unexpected friendship. Jenko saw the benefit of befriending the more intelligent Schmidt and Schmidt noticed the athletics of Jenko to use to his benefit. After graduating f rom the police academy, the pairRead MoreThree Components Of The Criminal Justice System950 Words   |  4 Pages The three components of the American criminal justice system are the police, courts, and corrections. These components operate independently of one another and maintain different goals, histories, and operating procedures (Neubauer Fradella, 2017). There are two commonly accepted models of the criminal justice system, the crime control model and due process model. These two models vary at the basic level, the crime control model aims to protect society at all costs while the due process modelRead MoreDrug Trafficking Organizations And Drugs1296 Words   |  6 Pagesgroups are very high and difficult to stop. Considering there are more than just the major seven DTO’s, police and military personnel have a difficult time stopping these organizations and the criminal activities they engage in. Not only do they face the problem of having corrupt officers, but they a lso struggle with the problem of criminal organizations having more members than the entire police force itself. Additionally, these organizations employ about half a million people with many differentRead MoreEssay on Traffic Safety4603 Words   |  19 Pagesunsafe and illegal manner said police for traffic reasons had not stopped them in the past year. The majority of those in the NHTSA survey (52 percent) said it was very important to do something about speeding. Ninety-eight percent of respondents thought it important that something be done to reduce speeding and unsafe driving. Those surveyed ranked the following countermeasures, in order, as most likely to reduce aggressive and unsafe driving behaviors: (1) more police assigned to traffic controlRead MoreTraffic Safety Essay4727 Words   |  19 Pagesunsafe and illegal manner said police for traffic reasons had not stopped them in the past year. The majority of those in the NHTSA survey (52 percent) said it was very important to do something about speeding. Ninety-eight percent of respondents thought it important that something be done to reduce speeding and unsafe driving. Those surveyed ranked the following countermeasures, in order, as most likely to reduce aggressive and unsafe driving behaviors: (1) more police assigned to traffic controlRead MoreThe Ethics Of Unethical Behavior1626 Words   |  7 PagesA man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world, Albert Camus. Police hold a unique position in our society. They are entrusted to protect and serve the people. Their position is also unique in that it easily can lead to corruption and violence when unethical behavior is allowed. In our current culture, unethical police culture to easily seems to become the norm. Minor unethical actions seem to be ever present and larger problems have shown to become rampant in some departments. SolutionsRead MoreThe Black Eyed Peas Released A Single Titled, Where Is The Love?1630 Words   |  7 Pagesand crimes all trace back to asking where is the love? Emotions evoked light to what officials wanted to bury, and with a new single similar to it, individuals are now being informed about the current social issue of police brutality. The purpose of this song is to highlight police brutality as a social issue, and how it causes problems with racism, violence, and discord. According to Will.I.Am he wrote this song to stimulate a detailed message to any listener who can distinguish right from wrong

The Effects Of Domestic Violence Towards Women - 2023 Words

Domestic violence towards women is a problem that is often overlooked by society. Violence is defined in Webster s Dictionary as: â€Å" Physical force employed so as to damage or injure. As an instance of violent action.† (Webster) If this is the case, then why is it that so many women are beaten by loved ones each year? And little or nothing is done to correct this violent situation? A battered woman is pictured by most people as a small and flimsy person who might once have been pretty. She has many small children, no job skills or very little, and is financially dependent on their husband. It is often expected that she is poor and from a minority group. Although some battered women do fit this description, research proves it to be a false stereotype (Barnett 78). In fact most battered women have highly profitable jobs such as doctor’s lawyers, CEO’s and teachers. Most are heavy-set women whose assets are controlled by their husbands and they cannot defend themselves physically (Barnett 64). Battered women are found all race, religious and moral backgrounds as well as age groups and education levels. The battered woman, it has been said, lives in a world of terror and her home is her prison (Barnett 35). For many hundreds of years people were not worried about domestic violence. In fact, a popular journal, the Journal of Marriage and Family, did not include a single article on domestic violence from 1932 to 1969 (Barnett 54). Suddenly, more women came out and told ofShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Past And Current Domestic Violence Towards Women Essay1461 Words   |  6 PagesWomen who kill abusing husbands is a topic that can be used to shine light on some of the current issues of sexual harassment, domestic violence and even some of the laws that are put in place to protect and demean women’s rights. The purpose of this paper is to inform readers that there are many issues that lead up to a woman killing their abuser/husbands, such as the harsh history of violent used against women by their husband, involvement of church, fear for children in the home, and having limited Read MoreDomestic Violence Affects Women Health1399 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction of the Problem Many women are suffering from domestic violence every day, from physical, emotional, and even verbal abuse. Violence towards women is very important because it can cause a huge impact on women’s health and can even get as serious as death. So many women are getting some form of abuse and aren’t aware of how serious it can be. The problem that I will be discussing is how domestic violence affects women health. When previously taking Women’s Studies and Intro to Women’sRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women Act910 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic violence affects millions of Americans in different circumstances annually. 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StereotypicallyRead MoreDomestic violence INTRODUCTION is the willful intimidation, physical assault, battery, sexual1200 Words   |  5 PagesDomestic violence INTRODUCTION is the willful intimidation, physical assault, battery, sexual assault and/or other abusive behavior perpetuated by an intimate partner against another. National coalition Against Domestic Violence, Domestic Violence Facts (www.ncadv.org/files/domesticviolencefactsheet) Domestic violence is also referred to as intimate partner violence (IPV), Spousal abuse, and Family violence and dating abuse. It occurs all over the world, cutting across all cadres of the societyRead MoreSexual Orientation And Race Domestic Violence1094 Words   |  5 PagesOctober 2014 Domestic Violence October is known for many things such as Breast Cancer Awareness Month and the beginning of fall. The end of October is known for Halloween where children dress up in costumes and knock on doors to receive candy. 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Human Intervention Free Essays

Humans destroy this planted called earth by building things and producing things they make good lovely places look really bad and make the sky’s look dark and cloudy by producing smoke and smog into the sky’s by the building. Before humans the days were warm, the were mountain and valleys with rivers the flowed though them the grass was green. Greener then what it will be again. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Intervention or any similar topic only for you Order Now There were berry bushes and Trees that had all sorts of fruit on them, like apples, bananas, mangoes and oranges. The rivers were sparkling blue and flowed through the mountains like birds fly though the sky. The sky’s had very little clouds and the sun was shining bright. But then the humans came. Animals were the cutest things ever they played around with each other there were zebras’, horses, and donkeys eating the grass giraffes eating the leaves from the tallest trees. Clown fish swimming in the rivers. And the turtles slowly making there way around. Dogs and cats got along and played with the fruit that fell from the trees . But then the humans came. Humans came and decided to chop town the trees that birds lived in the giraffes ate from that cats and dogs played with the fruits that use to fall from them. They left the litter on the ground and the zebras, horse and donkeys chock on. And dumped the trash in the waters where the fishes wither dies or had to move away to furan areas. The animals couldn’t drink from the rivers because of all the Junk and waste that was being polluted into them. So all the animals had to leave some got captured and get as pets on chains with little food and water. I don’t like what the humans did but we can’t help that’s its already been done. But we could be living in a town that properly use to be a paradise and homes to other living things. The End How to cite Human Intervention, Papers

Managing strategic Resources and Planning

Question: Discuss about the Managing strategic Resources and Planning. Answer: Introduction In this given assignment, Canberra International airport of Australia is used to understand the whole operation of an airport, its inbound and outbound logistic, value chain and end user. It is serving the capital city of Australia, located at Northeastern edge of Canberra. Airport Group of Canberra Pty Ltd is liable for its operation and management. Flight is served by it to most of the capital cities of Australia. In 2009, Canberra International airport has undergone a major restructuring process in which the old terminal was fully demolished and new terminal was opened in that place. The operation and management of this airport is based on certain parameters, which must be kept in mind while deciding on the strategic management resources of the organization (De Neufville et al., 2013). Resource includes human capital, tangible and in tangible capitals and technological resources and monetary resources. Discussion Day to day operation of Canberra International airport includes better management of cost and customer satisfaction. Airport solutions are especially planned to handle all the needs of the airports, caterers, airlines, group handlers and cargo handlers. Improving the day-to-day operation will enable the enterprise to manage its operation effectively and develop its Key performance indicators (KPI) and training, training of business process, change in management, review of organizational structure and procedure of standard operation (Hill et al., 2014). Daily operation of Canberra International airport includes scheduling its flight timing, to check whether there is any delay in the flight timings and if there is a delay then contact to the passengers immediately and let them know about the flight changes. The main function of the ground staff is to check the passengers luggage whether they are carrying and items, which they are not allowed to carry. The ground staffs are also require d to help the passengers find their way to flight. Daily function of cabin crew is to look after the needs to the passengers and give them the knowledge off safety precaution at the time of takeoff and landing of the flight (Bratton Gold, 2012). The passengers need to be explained about the actions to be taken by them in case of any emergency like fastening seat belts and oxygen mask. They need to coordinate with the pilots who are the master of the vessel. If any passenger faces any problem, their main activity is to resolve that as soon as possible so that passenger is satisfied with their service. The administrative team of the airport looks after the administration process of running the airport. The allocate work to the employees of the airport in a way that a person efficient in a particular work is allocated that task only (Yu et al., 2013). Their main function is to overlook the entire operation of the airport efficiently and effectively. The administrative department looks after the food supply management, which is one of the most crucial activities, as all the airlines have to provide food and beverages to their passenger. Airlines do not have direct link ups the food suppliers, they depend on the value chain of the airport authority for their food supply (Narciso Piera, 2015). Therefore, the supply chain management of the airport needs to be strong otherwise a failure on their part will affect the reputation of the airlines and they will lose passengers. The checking of the baggage must be properly done so that any prohibited or inflammable products are not carried to the flight. If any inflammable product is carried to the flight then it may cause danger to the life of its passenger and the reputation of the airline will be at stake (Wu, 2016). Therefore, these are the major fields where more focus and attention must be given by the administrative department. Here comes the process of logistic inbound and outbound where the baggage and foods packages need to be transported properly from the airport to the flight. This includes a systematic process where either the vendor supply the food properly packed in container to the airport or the airport authority has their own transportation facilities to bring the food packages from the vendor place to airport (Aswathappa, 2013). Then the food packages needs to be arranged according to the flight demand and the ground staffs are required to deliver it to the flight where it is served to their respective passengers. The baggages are transported with the help of automated trolley from the airport to the respective flights where it is stored in the carrier of the plane. Now when the flight reaches its destination then baggages are handed over to the respective passenger according the ticket attached with the baggage and ticket given to the passenger. This process is to be done very cautiously so the baggages of the passengers are not interchanged. There is also an accounts and finance department in Canberra International airport, which looks after the financial aspects of the airport. Their main function is to perform day-to-day transaction, which involves receiving of fares from their passenger and payment of commission to their agents who are booking tickets on behalf of the passengers (Cummings Worley, 2014). These monetary transaction are required to be properly accounted for manually or in the accounting package they have so that at the end of their accounting period they have a clear picture of the financial standing of Canberra International airport. The accounts and finance department needs to look after the payment made to the vendors and dealers in their supply chain or value chain. They also need to look after the payment of salary to their staffs at the end of every month (Evans, Stonehouse Campbell, 2012). Any failure on that part can cause huge damage to the reputation of the airport. Therefore, it can be said that the responsibilities and duties of this department is too high so efficient and effective persons must be appointed so that no default is made I performing those duties. There is an information technology department in Canberra International airport, which looks after the servers, which control the entire information system of the airport. From cctv cameras to the display board where details of flight arrival and departure is continuously updated. Any failure on their part can lead to chaos within the passengers, which can harm the environment of the airport. Like all other airport Canberra International airport also have a security department, which checks the security within and outside the boundary of airport. Airport is a very sensitive place and now a day terrorist attack and highjack are increasing at a rapid pace and any fault of the security department can put hundreds of lives at stake (Oakland, 2014). Moreover, it will hamper the peace of entire nation. Therefore, the accountability of this department is very. Most of the airport outsources this security agenesis while some have their own security department. It depends on the size and volume of the airport. There is also an immigration verification department in Canberra International airport since it has commenced international flights. The main function of this department is to verify the passport and visas of the passengers travelling abroad (Morden, 2016). If case, any default is found in the passport or visas then they make proper enquiry about the person from internal and external sources and only if they are satisfied with the identity of the person then they allow the passenger to travel. Now all these departments are under the control of single umbrella i.e. management of Canberra International airport, which look after the entire affairs of the airport taking into, account the aspects of every department. All departments are accountable to the management for their performance. It there are any flaws in the any department then management must take corrective actions to reduce or eliminate those flaws (Eden Ackermann, 2013). The management is also responsible for the strategic planning for the future of the Canberra International airport. They must take steps to improve their financial and market position in future. The main target of an airport is to be in the top three airports worldwide in providing customer satisfaction as well as financial standings. The management of the airport has been delegated authority by the owners of the airport to supervise it properly and take it to a better position in future. Therefore, management is also accountable to its owners. Management is also responsible conducting internal and statutory audit of the airport every year. Based on the internal audit the management will be able to verify whether the internal control mechanism of Canberra International airport is adequate or not. Statutory audit of the financial statement will let the management understand the financial position of the company and steps required to be taken to improve it in future (Ellram, Tate Feitzinger, 2013). If there is any qualification in the financial statement then management must give proper explanation for that. Sustainability in the airport includes lightning, which is energy efficient, minimization of waste, water savings and efficient thermal glazing. In terms of sustainability Canberra International airport is standout. It is a leader in terms of infrastructure and asset building. The adjacent business park have achieved green first. It has been rated star for use of first trigeneration I an airport premises (Grant, 2016). Other sustainability initiatives taken by it are recycled steel, large-scale water recycling and zero reliance on potable water. Trigeneration gas plant that is in Majura Park reduces emission of CO2 by 1100 tones every year. There has been an adaptive recycle of 11 buildings, which already exist on the site of Business Park. Opening of Australians first backwater reuse plant in the airport in 2007, Storage of bike, connectivity of public transport and 2.68 m liters capacity of water storage has increased the sustainability of Canberra International airport. Conclusion In short, it can be concluded that Airports generally support to determine the optimal level of staffing, providing solution to complex problem, automation of employee management, coordination of ground and gate staff, efficiently manages the changes in day o day operation. Another important function of Airport authority department is to handle the baggage of their passengers. It is a ticket based system in which every baggage of passengers are attached a ticket according to which they are organized in a queue system so that none of the baggage is misplaced and they are delivered to their exact passenger. In addition, the sustainability issue must be kept with mind to give a better future to our next generation while managing the strategic resources. References Aswathappa, K., 2013.Human resource management: Text and cases. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2012).Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. De Neufville, R., Odoni, A., Belobaba, P., Reynolds, T. (2013).Airport systems: planning, design and management. Eden, C., Ackermann, F. (2013).Making strategy: The journey of strategic management. Sage. Ellram, L. M., Tate, W. L., Feitzinger, E. G. (2013). Factor Market Rivalry and Competition for Supply Chain Resources.Journal of Supply Chain Management,49(1), 29-46. Evans, N., Stonehouse, G., Campbell, D. (2012).Strategic management for travel and tourism. Taylor Francis. Grant, R. M. (2016).Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014).Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Morden, T. (2016).Principles of strategic management. Routledge. Narciso, M. E., Piera, M. A. (2015). Robust gate assignment procedures from an airport management perspective.Omega,50, 82-95. Oakland, J. S. (2014).Total quality management and operational excellence: text with cases. Routledge. Wu, C. L. (2016).Airline operations and delay management: insights from airline economics, networks and strategic schedule planning. Routledge. Yu, M. M., Chern, C. C., Hsiao, B. (2013). Human resource rightsizing using centralized data envelopment analysis: Evidence from Taiwan's Airports.Omega,41(1), 119-130.

Air Pollution and Twin Lake Essays

Air Pollution and Twin Lake Essays Air Pollution and Twin Lake Paper Air Pollution and Twin Lake Paper Essay Topic: Air pollution The strategy to use can either be distributive or integrative depending on the tuitions and the outcomes that the party want out from the negotiation. In this scenario, it is a negotiation on the conflict between Twin Lake Mining Company and Tamarack City Council regarding an environmental cleanup on the water and air pollution which arise from the plant operation. This is an interrupt conflict and the level of complexity is high due to the involvement of large number of people and the multitudinous ways they can interact with each other. Resolution need to be agreed upon and act on by both Twin Lake and City Council in order to meet the objectives and needs Of each Other which will result in a win win situation. 2. Material Facts The main discussion is basing on the negotiation between Twin Lake Mining Company and Tamarack City Council. The issue arise due to a more stringent environmental laws and regulation which resulted in an imposition of stricter environmental controls on Twin Lake. This put pressure on Twin Lake to take actions on a major cleanup in order to totally compliant to the regulation which estimate cost to the company is over 336 million. This is beyond the many cost limit set of $1 6 million capital and $2. 6 million yearly payment for improvement. The company is committed to keep the plant but at the basis on the cost limit set. At the same time, many local citizens, as individuals and through the local chapter of the United Mineworkers Union, are putting significant pressure on the Town Council to help Twin Lakes in the environmental process as this will potentially impact their livelihood if the company decided to shut down and at the same time impacting the Citys economic stability which is strongly pendent on the continued success of the Twin Lakes Mining Company. The report will base on the different facts provided and present the overview of the Issues and work on the preparation for the negotiation. Planning the negotiation climate, strategy to use and at the same time knowing BAT AN of both parties to have a win win result which is the desired outcome. Issues Identified for the Negotiation In this case study, the cost of resolving the major issues which are the water quality and air quality issue is too much for Twin Lakes to absorb and at the name time, Twin Lake is also looking at the concession that the City can provide on the taxation of the company owned land as they work together on the resolution to the environmental issues. Once these issues are resolved, all the remaining problem can be easily be settle. . 1 water Quality Due to the need of the washing operation, series of settlement recovery ponds were built alongside Beaver Brook near the plant and due to this process iron ore and other impurities are being wash downstream which impacted the water quality. In order to resolve this problem, a filtration plant which costs $20 million need to be build which is not affo rdable to Twin Lake and working on a joint venture with the City Council since they are working to make Beaver Brook as the secondary water source due to the residential development. 3. Air Quality In the entire process of mining, transportation and crushing ore generates large amount of dust which causes air pollution. Twin Lake already agreed to make approximately $8 million investment to reduce the emission from the plant but the major concern is still not solve on the pollution caused by many trucks traveling to and from the plant outside the city.

Mystery of Napoleon essays

Mystery of Napoleon essays It is unacceptable that a man compared only to the greatest of leaders could die of stomach cancer on a bare, unpopulated island and not die at Waterloo or in Russia but die alone, captive in a dark house in a forgotten exile of more than a decade and a half. It is not a mystery that he died, it is how. It is hard to believe that a man of such achievement and genius could just wither away so unexpectedly. Such men do not just die or wither away. As of March, 2003, many writers and researchers confirmed that Napoleon must have died of stomach cancer. This is contradicted by books written by witnesses of Napoleons exile saying that Napoleon took a special medication labeled Vin dEmpereur. This is believed to be the arsenic poison that is developed into most of these theories. The arsenic poison theory would make sense because the guards were hired to guard the house Napoleon stayed in for however long he lives. Who knows it could have been many more years and the guards would not want to wait around until he actually dies of age. It would make great sense that the guard would want to get rid of him so they could leave and go home. Another piece of evidence showing arsenic poisoning is that when Napoleons body was uncovered for autopsy, it was almost perfectly preserved. This is a major characteristic of a lot of poisons. When dentist, Sten Forshufvud, looked over his body he knew it had to be some sort of poison. They didnt have embalming fluid at that time to help in the decaying process so it is hard to believe that it could just be magically preserved. Forshufvud would later take hair samples of Napoleons to test the levels of arsenic. When tested, they were shown that he had higher than normal levels of arsenic. It also showed that he was given little amounts at a time to try and simulate a fading, weake...

Bioethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Bioethics - Essay Example The core point is that human life is a primary value in itself and that must be protected at all times. The basis of this reasoning can be derived from diverse grounds that include religion and ethics. Existence of human life is not a making of any other human being and this outrightly fails to justify artificial intervention meant to eliminate life (Paterson 44). The uniqueness that constitute each individual’s life makes it difficult to assign value and this means that no circumstance justify interference with human existence whether unborn, unconscious, sick or physically deformed. Use of concepts like relativism, skepticism, consequentialism, and utilitarianism tend to leave moral loopholes which at some point still lead to messing up with individual rights to life. The religious premise emphasizes the sanctity of life and that means the only moral duty assigned to humanity is to protect the life unless supernatural circumstances effects death or any form of infringement into the right to life(Paterson 57). Ethics has to do with doing what one would wish to be done against him. In regard to the Kant theory, the right thing is to give way to ones right to life irrespective of any utilitarian prospect and this sums up to stand for absolute respect of human

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economics - Essay Example The political parties in most of the economies try to enhance the lifestyle of the individuals through economic growth and income redistribution in the market. Redistribution of income and raising the standard of living in society are mutually exclusive goals of the government. Figure 1: Economic Growth (Source: Scully, â€Å"Economic Freedom and the Trade-off between Inequality and Growth†) The economic freedom of a country is directly proportional to the level of economic growth in it. Figure 2: Income Inequality (Source: Scully, â€Å"Economic Freedom and the Trade-off between Inequality and Growth†) On the other hand, the level of income inequality is desired to fall with the rise in the level of economic freedom and hence, economic growth. However, there is a strong debate regarding the relationship between income inequality and income growth. Economic Inequality is the discrimination among individuals in terms of income or wealth. It basically elaborates the diffe rences among the individuals of a society in terms of their income, wealth and assets. Income Inequality can either be absolute or relative. Absolute income is the gross income received by the individuals. John Maynard Keynes states that the consumption expenditures of individuals are estimated on the basis of absolute income. Thus, absolute income inequality is the income inequality that denotes the differences in gross income thresholds of the individuals. James Duesenberry claimed that savings and consumption spending decisions of the individuals do not depend on the level of absolute income. Instead, it depends on the relative income level. The savings and consumption expenditures of the individuals are made by them after analyzing their position of income relative to others. Relative income inequality would occur when the absolute income levels would be unevenly distributed in an economy (NBER). Among all the methods, the most important method of measuring income inequality is Gini Coefficient measurement method. This measure estimates the statistical dispersion of income distribution of a nation. The value of income inequality on the basis of a frequency distribution is given by the Gini Coefficient. The value of this index lies from 0 to 1. Where, 0 indicates a situation of perfect income equality and 1 indicates a situation of perfect inequality of income. The diagrammatical representation of a Gini Coefficient is provided is a Lorenz Curve. Figure 3: Lorenze Curve Perfect Income Equality Line Income Inequality Cumulative % of Income Lorenze Curve Cumulative % of Population (Source: Authors Creation) The above graph is of a Lorenze curve (the convex curve). The distance between the perfect income equality line and the Lorenz curve measures the degree of income inequality. Therefore, greater the distance, greater is the level of inequality. The above coefficient is calculated by: It is believed that a greater extent of inequality in income in a nation i mplies the concentration of economic power in the hands of a small group of individuals. In such a situation, the producers in the market get tempted to allocate resources to luxuries and comfort products, instead of basic necessities. The lack of basic necessit

Data Anlaysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Data Anlaysis - Assignment Example Use a calculator and your sample to calculate ∑X, ∑Y, ∑XY and ∑X2. Use these values to write down the pair of ‘normal equations’ the solutions of which give the constant term (a) and the slope coefficient (b) of the fitted Ordinary Least Squares line Y = a + bX. Step 2. This step involves taking the partial derivatives and setting them equal zero provides us with candidate points for a minimization or maximization. In this step we write the equation that the partial derivatives will be taken in matrix form. Step 3. The partial derivatives of the matrix is taken in this step and set equal to zero. b is a vector or coefficients or parameters. Because the equation is in matrix form, there are k partial derivatives (one for each parameter in b) set equal to zero. Step 4. Simple matrix algebra is used to rearrange the equation. The first order conditions are to set the partials equal to zero. First, all terms are divided by the scalar 2. This removes the scalar from the equation. This is simply for ease. Second, is added to both side of the equation. On the left hand side, the two terms and cancel each other out leaving the null matrix. This step moves to the right hand side. Step 5. Finally, b is found by pre multiplying both sides by . Division by matrices is not defined, but multiplying by the inverse is a similar operation. Recall, , where I is the identity matrix. Multiplying any matrix, A, by I results in A, similar to multiplying by one in linear algebra. The coefficient of GDP is 0.0098662. So for every unit increase in  GDP, a .0.0098662 unit increase in  IN  is predicted, holding all other variables constant. On the other hand the p-value associated with the GDP is 0.800 a value greater than 0.05 (significance level), we thus fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the coefficient for  GDP  (.0098662) is not statistically significantly different from 0. Thus at 5% level of significance

Hippies in the 60s and the Media

Hippies in the 60s and the Media The Myth of the Sixties It has been said that of all the artificial concepts of the twentieth century, the sixties have the greatest hold on the imagination. The decade has come to take on mythical proportions, a time in the history of the world where â€Å"everything changed,† and whether for good or for naught depends on which side of the fence you stand on. The hippies, artists and bohemians, then and now, regard it as a magical time, while the â€Å"squares,† conservatives, members of the mainstream and the like view it as a nightmare. And whether one was too young or too old to participate, or, in fact, was not even born, holds no relevance; the legend of the sixties will never die. However, the truth is that the decade and its participants were nothing more than the embodiment of three powerful myths: the myth of the hippies as â€Å"dirty scum,† as orchestrated by the media and the politicians; the myth of the hippies as world-changing revolutionaries, as created by the hippies t hemselves; and the perpetuation and extension of this last myth by marketers and advertisers for profit. This paper will examine the sixties with these three myths in mind. Before we can fully decipher the first myth (the role the media played in the creation of the hippy counterculture), it is necessary to look at the movement’s precedents. The late 50s and early 60s saw the arrival of three â€Å"subcultures,† the Beats, the Teds and the Mods, all of which received more media attention than they deserved; that is, practically every aspect of these groups (the number of members, the extent of their activities, the duration of the movements, etc.), was exaggerated (Green, 41). For example, the early sixties were presumably host to countless â€Å"turf wars† between two of these subcultures (the Rockers and the Mods). The first of these took place in Clacton in 1964, and although the actual turnout was low, the rival groups were quickly labeled as â€Å"gangs† by the media (Green, 46). The day after the event, nearly every national newspaper ran frenzied, front-page stories on the incident, urging Home Secretary Henry Brooke to take action (ibid). A year later, similar scenes repeated themselves in Brighton, Weston-super-Mare and Great Yarmouth, and media reports were filled with â€Å"broken deckchairs, fleeing grannies, stern-faced policemen, outraged councilors, etc.,† which were largely embellished or outright fabricated (Green, 47). The reality was in fact a pale imitation of the myth. It evolved later that there were no â€Å"gangs† as such, there was little evidence of premeditated hostility (most people had come just to watch), and for all the reports of â€Å"blood and violence† there was actually very little (Cohen, 1973). But the seeds had been sown, the damage had been done, and by the time the Rocker and Mod subcultures died down, there was the need for another â€Å"public nuisance† to take their place, another â€Å"group defined as a threat to societal values and interests, its nature presented in a stylised and stereotypical fashion by the mass media, the moral barricades manned by editors, bishops, politicians and other right-thinking people, diagnoses and solutions pronounced by accredited experts† (ibid). Enter the hippy. The term hippy, on the surface, constitutes a vast array of bohemian and student subcultures, ranging from artistic-intellectuals to dropouts and dope smokers (Brake, 92). There are those who see them as romantic, childlike and pagan; others who see them as juvenile, hedonistic and offensive. The British hippie underground grew out of the â€Å"beatnik literary-artistic scene,† the peace movement and the corresponding American faction, spurred on by such pseudo-political groups as The Yippies, the Diggers and the Merry Pranksters, as well as various individuals including Ken Kesey (author of The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test), LSD guru Timothy Leary, and Beat poet Allen Ginsberg, who appeared at the Albert Hall International Poetry Incarnation in 1965 (Brake, 102). However, while there were certainly symbolic precedents as mentioned above, and without a doubt small segments of the population were â€Å"tuned in† to a new way of thinking and acting, the fact was that an actual, pervasive, unifying movement didn’t really exist: â€Å"We’ve all gone along with the illusion that Ginsberg and Dylan and Baez and the Beatles and the Stones were all part of the same thing. Well, they are part of one thing, in the sense that we’re all human beings and we are all part of the word and each other. So is Lyndon Johnson, so it the mafia head of Chicago, so are the Hell’s Angels. We’ve tended to make the distinction between Us and Them. Now if we’ve got to recognise anything, there’s not much difference between the Angles beating that kid over the head with a pool cue, and the Chicago cops beating you over the head because you’ve got long hair† (Gleason, 219). It could be argued that if there were any changes taking place, they weren’t so much cultural as economic and social, which pegged young people against their parents, and led to vastly different worldviews and lifestyle choices (Brake, 93). While the hippies were loosely grouped around the concept of social and political change (which, in America, largely meant protestation of the Vietnam War), in Britain, there was never any corresponding social impetus. If anything, their behaviour was nothing more than a purposeful attempt to exhibit distinctly oppositional beliefs than those condoned by society, favouring â€Å"immediacy, spontaneity and hedonism† (Weider and Zimmerman, 1977). And it is these tendencies that the media jumped on. British newspapers reported hippies as being â€Å"dirty, idle, promiscuous and drug-users† (Brake, 96). A typical report showed a nude, bearded, long-haired man with the caption: â€Å"The hippy cult is degrading, decadent and plain daft† (ibid). A story about the London Street Commune who decided to squat in an abandoned Georgian mansion in 144 Piccadilly described their home as: â€Å"lit only by the dim light of their drugged cigarettes,† complete with â€Å"drug taking†¦couples making love while others look on†¦a heavy mob armed with iron bars, filth and stench, foul language†¦these are not rumours but facts, sordid facts which will shock ordinary decent living people† (News of the World, 1969). A similar report appeared in The Daily Mail on 2 August, 1969: â€Å"It makes me ashamed to be British. They [the hippies] live around in filthy clothes, mauling in each other in the streets. No wonder our country has gone to the dogs.† The hippies acted as convenient scapegoats, and the Tories eagerly jumped on the bandwagon in portraying them as moral degenerates who needed to be squelched so as to save the world from its baser instincts (Green, 448). The truth is that most of these hippies were not degenerates and criminals but students and ex-students, who were able to engage in a lifestyle filled with LSD, rock music and â€Å"free love† because of student grants and welfare payments (Brake, 95). Not only did the media paint an inaccurate picture of them, but the hippies believed their own hype and bought into their own myth. For while they railed against materialism, their lifestyle was only supported because of the benefits they received from living in a welfare system; while they were â€Å"anti-technology,† they had access to hi-tech stereo systems and complex light shows; in short, they â€Å"felt freedom was an individual element yet were controlled by a powerful state† (Brake, 97). The movement was short-lived because a â€Å"full-time leisure expressive subculture can only develop in an economy with sufficient surplus and employment† (Brake, 99). When the economy plummeted, so did the membership of the subculture; the hippies faded away in the wake of unemployment and economic crisis (ibid). However, even describing the hippies as an actual â€Å"movement† is questionable. One problem is that in looking at subcultures, it needs to be taken into account that they are actually a minority, who, because of their dramatic style, are given vast media coverage (Green, 158). Many hippies were latchers-on at best. Those who joined may have been rebellious, they may have adopted specific styles and values, but their rebellion did not embody genuine opposition (Green, 159). For many involved, it was not about social or political change at all; it was merely about fashion. As Angela Carter wrote in her Notes for a theory of sixties style: â€Å"The nature of our apparel is very complex. Clothes are so many things at once. Our social shells, the system of signals with which we broadcast our intentions, are often the projections of our fantasy selves†¦clothes are our weapons, our challenges, our visual insults† (Carter, 1967). Murdock and McCron, in a vast-raging counter-cultural study, found that most of the people they surveyed were not actually involved in local subcultures, but had adopted the styles because of the teenage entertainment industry (Murdock and McCron, 1976). The respondents â€Å"were expression and extension of the dominant meaning system, rather than deviation from or in opposition to it† (ibid). The truth is that most people are not seduced by subcultures, and only dress or act in similar stylistic ways when they have become acceptable by the mainstream. Much of the hippie culture was deliberately manufactured for marketing consumption, and much of the art and music of the sixties was commercialized and transformed into a commodity for the larger society (Brake, 99). Some of the decade’s premier acts the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, etc. – and rock ‘n roll in general, which had once been so threatening, had become as safe as the blue-chip companies that spo nsored and sold it (Green, 446). While the decade spawned a number of unconventional institutions, such as the underground press, it also launched substantial fortunes for such figures as Richard Branson and Tony Elliot (Green, 445). Smart, â€Å"alternative† capitalists took advantage of the period, and â€Å"transmogrified† the decade’s slogans into designer labels (Rowbotham, xiv). Furthermore: â€Å"The ‘underground culture,’ considered so radical and pervasive at the time, shifted just as radically. The progressive and loud rock of the 60s turned into the heavy metal of the 80s, with mysticism giving way to pulp science fiction, sexual freedom to braggadocio, liberation to repression. The nudity of the underground was packaged and mass-marketed by Rupert Murdoch. In the 1960s the young dropped out; in the 1980s they are dropped out. Drugs were considered a tool to heighten reality, and became an escape from the present† (Fountain, 215). The transformation of the hippie movement from extreme to mainstream, particularly in terms of merchandising, illustrated how well people had mastered the game, and were able to manipulate it according to their own agenda: hip consumerism had become mass consumerism (Frank, 1997). Current reactions to the sixties are mixed. While some regard it as a â€Å"golden age,† all â€Å"dope, revolution and fucking in the streets,† others, particularly the younger generation of today, see it as â€Å"a period smacking of weakness, of airy-fairy wishy-washiness, of an ascendancy of the cranks† (Green, 449). Everyone’s youth is of course a golden age, and part of the reason for the enduring myth of the sixties is that there are so many baby boomers today. Normal Mailer has noted how often the â€Å"reverberations that follow are out of all proportion to the presumed smallness of the original event† (ibid). Perhaps no better description could apply to the sixties. The decade is cloaked in myth, and there are no signs of this changing anytime soon. Today there is a thriving 1960s nostalgia industry, which is all about the clothes and the music, and has nothing do with politics or cultural change. This â€Å"sanitized† version of the era, safe for mass consumption, is just as much a myth as the sixties being a virtual â€Å"hell on earth.† However, whichever one you choose to subscribe to, one thing is probably certain: it didn’t actually happen that way. Bibliography Brake, Mike. The sociology of youth culture and youth subcultures. Sex and drugs and rock ‘n’ roll? London: Routledge Kegan Paul Ltd, 1980. Carter, A. â€Å"Notes for a theory of sixties style.† New Society. 14 December, 1967. Cohen, Stanley. Folk Devils and Moral Panics. Albans: Palladin, 1973. Fountain, Nigel. Underground, the London Alternative Press, 1966-74. London: Routledge, 1988. Frank, Thomas. The Conquest of Cool: Business Culture, Counter Culture and the Rise of Hip Consumerism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. Gleason, R. â€Å"Rock for sale,† in Eisen, J. (ed.) The Age of Rock 2. Sights and Sounds of the American Cultural Revolution. New York: Vintage Books, 1970. Green, Jonathan. All dressed up: The sixties and the counterculture. London: Random House, 1998. Murdock, G. and McCron, R. â€Å"Consciousness of class and consciousness of generation† in S. Hall and T. Jefferson (eds.) Resistance Through Rituals: Youth subcultures in post-war Britain. Hutchinson: London, 1976. News of the World. â€Å"Hippies, drugs and the sordid truth.† 21 September, 1969. Rowbotham, Sheila. Promise of a dream: Remembering the sixties. London: Penguin Books, 2000. Weider, L. and Zimmerman, S. Understanding Social Problems. New York: Praeger Press, 1977.

Tourism Essay -- Traveling, Service Qualities

It is generally agreed that tourism is fragmented. It is made up of various sectors or subsidiaries such as transportation, accommodation, attractions, amenities, catering, entertainment, eating and drinking establishments, shops, activity facilities (Leisure and recreation), and many others. These sectors provide products and service for individuals or groups o tourists who travel away from. Consequently, tourism is an amalgam of the products and services that its various subsectors make available or tourists. The provision of these products and services depends on the linkage between various sectors and their mutual interactions. Tourism is the most wide-ranging industry, in the sense that it demands products rom many sectors of the economy (Edgell, 1990) and employs millions of people in different sectors. For example, airplanes and buses must be manufactured to transport tourists; computers must be produced to make hotel booking and airline reservations; Steel, concrete, and glass are need to build hotels and restaurants; fabrics are needed to make cloths; meat, wheat, and vegetables must be grown to feed visitors. No other industry has so many linkage and interactions with so many sectors of the economy (Edgell, 1990), and delivers so many different kinds of products and services to consumers. Suppose we take a tourism provider as the example for this paper. Without any doubt they should have some sort of service which posses some competitive strategies. According to page et al (2001) in Williams and Buswell (2003) the careful management of the tourist experience is an absolutely vital and complex requirement. So here some examples of services and experience which can provide by a tourism coordinator are follows: .. ...roviders set up certain policies that are deemed comparable to their image and being suitable to their target market. Those policies particularly initiated by management or a service team (Kandampully et al, 2001). They may be developed through a formal process or may automatically evolve from experience and preferences. Policies may be detailed in company documents or simply published by word of mouth throughout the organization. In spite of the system, service policies set the standards for the provision of guest services in the company. Service standards can be only as good as the resultant performance. Although service policies may establish rules and performance standards for staffs while they are not perform effectively. Some companies develop wide-ranging service policies only to motivate staff while they fall short in performance (Kandampully et al, 2001).

How Charles Dickens shows Miss Havisham change over the novel Essay

How does Dickens show the change in Miss Havisham over the course of the novel?  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Great Expectation† is about a young boy named Pip and follows him throughout his life. Pip meets Miss Havisham a lady with a broken heart who has an adopted daughter named Estella, Estella is a â€Å"pretty young girl† that pip falls in love with. A close analysis of the novel reveals Miss Havisham is not the person she is perceived to be. The bitter and vengeful Miss Havisham is one of the main characters in Dickens’ novel Great Expectations. She is central to the novel and holds the plot together. Dickens waits until Chapter 8 to introduce the character to the reader, like Pip we are scared and frightened when we meet her for the first time. â€Å"I should have cried out, if I could†. This shows that Miss Havisham intimidates Pip; and as a result, we fear for Pip; and are also uncomfortable as readers. Also, the word ‘haunting’ is associated when we think of Miss Havisham. This is because of her â€Å"ghostly† appearance, her disturbed state of mind, and the way she haunts Pip. If we are to say haunting is when someone/something has a lasting, negative effect on something, it is evidently shown that Miss Havisham is a gothic, disturbing, melancholic character. Dickens uses descriptive writing to describe Miss Havisham as a wealthy, well dressed woman â€Å"in rich materials – satins, and lace, and silk†. Dickens uses imagery of luxury and opulence to give a clear picture in the readers mind about how Miss Havisham is dressed. Dickens also uses a simile’ withered like the dress’ to show how Miss Havisham has been trapped in time and grown old and decayed along with her white wedding dress, also reflecting her mental state. Dickens presents her to be a living dead, ‘waxwork and skeleton’ as there is nothing healthy in her. She has allowed herself to get wasted and now she looks more dead than alive. Both Miss Havisham and her adopted daughter Estella, manipulate Pip for their own â€Å"sick fancys†. Miss Havisham states to Pip that her heart has been â€Å"broken† and she wants â€Å"diversion†. She also â€Å"has had enough of men and women† therefore, enclosing herself in her house. Miss Havisham was jolted at the altar by the man she thought she loved. As a result of her heartache and pain, she stopped the clocks at twenty to nine, and left the house and herself exactly the way it was on that day; â€Å"never seen the sun since you were born†. In addition, Miss Havisham uses Estella as a ploy, to seek revenge on all males. Estella is a young lady, who is very pretty. Estella is very rude and patronises Pip. She calls him by the name of â€Å"boy† which makes us feel sorry for Pip and dislike Estella. Estella known to be a â€Å"beautiful†, â€Å"self possessed†, â€Å"scornful† young lady makes Pip aware of his common working class background. He is powerfully attractive to the mysterious ways of Satis House and Estella. He accepts her cruelty as he truly loves her, he follows her taunting and harshness and wishes to become a rich gentlemen; to please Estella and to stop her name calling and for her not see him as â€Å"coarse†, â€Å"rough† boy. This is when Pip wants to higher his social class, starting the course of â€Å"Great Expectations†. Miss Havisham is the feeder to the way Pip thinks and manipulates him into thinking that she is the benefactor for him becoming a gentleman living in London. She leads him to believe this by slyly hinting that she knows more. â€Å"Mr Jaggers is your guardian I understand?† This makes pip believe that it is her that is helping him to becoming a gentleman. Although in the end we find out it is a convicted he helped when he was younger. Satis House, the reflection of Miss Havisham’s state of mind â€Å"in every crevice†; decaying. She has enclosed herself within the walls of Satis House letting no outside world in. The only way you can get in is through the front gate which is guarded at all times. The house remains to be the exact same as when she left it. The garden with trees fluctuated everywhere, grass â€Å"in every crevice†. This shows that its hasn’t been cared for, just like Miss Havisham hasn’t. The interior is also decaying. In Chapter 11, Pip goes into her room and sees a â€Å"A bride-cake. Mine!† that was â€Å"seeming to grow†. It is as if it is a part of her, a part of her past and past happiness that has gone. This makes the reader feel sorry for her, as she is truly heartbroken. Miss Havisham has been presented by Dickens as a cold, heartless character, only thinking about herself. Dickens makes us believe this by the way Estella is treated by her; the way Miss Havisham uses her to break all males’ hearts. â€Å"Love her, love her, love her!† Miss Havisham tells pip with â€Å"passionate eagerness† whatever Estella does he will â€Å"love her†. She curses him like a evil persuasive witch doing a spell. This shows that she focuses on one thing and must live up to a target; it is an unhealthy love its like obsession. Estella now can’t love; she doesn’t know how to love. Estella can’t even love her Miss Havisham. This all changes in chapters 38 and 49 Miss Havisham feels guilty for making Estella becomes a cold â€Å"heartless† person. However, when Estella rebels to her adopted mother, Miss Havisham is truly sorry for her harsh actions â€Å"what have I done?† She says this repeated several times, truly sorry. As she has no idea what she has done wrong. Miss Havisham can’t die without knowing she is forgiven. Dickens has shown he unmarried contradictory character Miss Havisham, has gone through many changes throughout the novel. Although â€Å"Great Expectation† is a novel about Pips life, it includes â€Å"Terror†, â€Å"love†, drama, and excitement; these factors of the novel are part of how Miss Havisham has changed.Towards the end of the novel in chapter 49 Dickens use of ominous language prepares the reader the Miss Havisham’s death. â€Å"Funeral music†, â€Å"the cathedral chimes† All these quotes prepare the reader for something to go wrong, like a death is going to occur. Dickens also explains when he walks pasted the â€Å"priory garden, seemed to call to me that the place was changed† this shows the future will change by a death. Miss Havisham’s death made a big difference to the novel. In chapter 49 Miss Havisham dies after server burns from an accidental fire. Her death is very painful. â€Å"She was shrieking, with a whirl of fire blazing all about her†, this death in some ways seems to release her from all her hurt and pain. The fire is symbolic; pip â€Å"dragged the heap of rottenness in the midst, and all the ugly things that sheltered there†. This shows it dragged all the decay and the living death away. The fire ended it all.   In conclusion to this Miss Havisham has changed from an evil witch who only thinks about herself to a woman who feels guilty for all the things she has done.

Free Essays on Sexual Liberation

women and sexual beings did not belong in the same sentence. In early American culture, especially that of Christianity, women were to engage in intercourse with their husbands for the sole purposes of procreation and pleasing their mate. Women were viewed as the weaker sex and they were supposed to uphold the ideals of Christian morals (O’Neill, 1972). They were also expected to save themselves for marriage (Fisher, 1999). In the mid 1800’s, William Hammond, the surgeon-general of the United States, wrote: â€Å"The belief that women had a sexual appetite was a vile aspersion. Nine-tenths of the time decent women felt not the slightest pleasure in sexual experience (Colton, 1971). Charles Kligerman, and American psychoanalyst, stated: â€Å"Procreation in marriage was the only excuse for sexual activity and engaging in it for any other purpose-even as an act of love-was sinful (Swerdloff, 1975).† In both instances, it is obvious that women were definitely not to enjoy sexual experiences. In the Victorian era, it was noted that women were to tolerate men’s sexual needs as a part of marital duty (Safilios-Rothschild, 1977). Also, the women were all but required by law to be virgins at the time of marriage. However, the same standard was not upheld for men. Sigmund Freud, arguably the most well known name in psychology, gave h... Free Essays on Sexual Liberation Free Essays on Sexual Liberation Women’s Roles as Sexual Beings Throughout most of history, the notion of women and sex was simply unheard of. Women were forbidden to demonstrate a sexual prowess and sexual oppression took many forms from female circumcision to society-issued gender roles. In the last twenty-five years or so, women have started their own sexual liberation. However, women are still living a double standard when it comes to issues relating to sex. I feel that sexual liberation and equality is extremely important for both men and women and unfortunately, there is still an inequality. Until recently in our history, the words women and sexual beings did not belong in the same sentence. In early American culture, especially that of Christianity, women were to engage in intercourse with their husbands for the sole purposes of procreation and pleasing their mate. Women were viewed as the weaker sex and they were supposed to uphold the ideals of Christian morals (O’Neill, 1972). They were also expected to save themselves for marriage (Fisher, 1999). In the mid 1800’s, William Hammond, the surgeon-general of the United States, wrote: â€Å"The belief that women had a sexual appetite was a vile aspersion. Nine-tenths of the time decent women felt not the slightest pleasure in sexual experience (Colton, 1971). Charles Kligerman, and American psychoanalyst, stated: â€Å"Procreation in marriage was the only excuse for sexual activity and engaging in it for any other purpose-even as an act of love-was sinful (Swerdloff, 1975).† In both instances, it i s obvious that women were definitely not to enjoy sexual experiences. In the Victorian era, it was noted that women were to tolerate men’s sexual needs as a part of marital duty (Safilios-Rothschild, 1977). Also, the women were all but required by law to be virgins at the time of marriage. However, the same standard was not upheld for men. Sigmund Freud, arguably the most well known name in psychology, gave h...

50 Good Narrative Essay Topics Top Tips

50 Good Narrative Essay Topics Top Tips Great Narrative Essay Topics No matter what topic you select for your narrative essay, you will be telling your readers something about your own life experiences or your hopes, dreams and opinions or you will be answering a question. It is hoped the list of narrative essay topics below will stir your creative juices and help you find the right topic for your assignment.   Ã‚   What animal I would choose as a pet. What gadget I would invent. If I could see only one color. The food I most like. A secret place I hide. A very odd thing I saw. The most unbelievable thing I ever saw. Who I would like to swap places with for just one week. The place I would most like to live. A secret I have kept. This is a good topic for narrative essays because most people have some interesting secret. The task I most dislike doing. The toughest lesson of my life. An incident that was hugely embarrassing. The most memorable trip I have taken. An occasion when I got completely lost. The place I would most like to take a vacation. What I believe the world will be like in fifty years’ time. What is kept under my bed. What animal I would most like to become. An animal I met that was really fascinating. Subject matter about animals usually makes good narrative essay topics. My idol. The superhero I most like. The thing I find most beautiful in this world. An occasion when my parents were absolutely right. The five items I would find most difficult to give up. My favorite gadget. How I would spend a million dollars. My most favorite toy ever. A charm I find lucky. My earliest memory. This is another one of those interesting narrative essay topics for college students, in part because everyone’s earliest memories are entirely unique. What I remember about being five. If I lived on my very own planet. The worst day I ever had weather-wise. If I could go back in time. The changes I would make to myself. The best thing that was ever invented. A story that made me laugh out loud. The career I would most like to have. The school rules I would change if I could. A secret talent I have. When choosing narrative essay topics, this is another idea worth considering. Hidden talents sometimes come as a real surprise and are often of an innovative nature.    Something great I achieved. The things I would do if I was invisible. Something that disappeared. The nicest thing I ever owned. The toughest choice I’ve ever had to make. The top five things I would most like to give up. What I would most love to own. A place I would love to go on a cruise to. Which country I would live in if I could choose where to live. The television program I would make up if I were given the opportunity.

The balance of payments is the main measure of import and exports in Essay

The balance of payments is the main measure of import and exports in the UK. For some years the balance of payment s has been in - Essay Example Additionally, an accurate balance of payment deficit must make provisions for errors and omissions to account for the missed out data. When there is a disequilibria in the balance of payments as a result of certain sections of the balance of payments being in deficit, then we can conclude that an economy’s balance of payments is deficit. This in most cases occurs with respect to deficits in a countries and to a smaller extent trade deficits. This is theoretically explained by the fact that for equilibrium to be reached, there must be a balance between capital/ current accounts values and the financial account. This therefore explains the UK situation is that if there is a deficit in current account then there must be a surplus on the capital/financial account (Nikolas 2010, p. 59). The ever persistent UK current account deficit can be traced to mid-1980s with a review of the current account revealing that the imports of goods and services exceed their exports. A critical revie w of the values of balance of payment account observed from the first quarter of the year 2000 to the last quarter of this year show a deteriorating current account. The study reveals a current deficit of over 12 billion pounds as at the last quarter of 2012 translating to a 3.2% of the GDP. ... This is majorly attributed to the process of de-industrialisation which accelerated in the early 1980s. A growth in consumer spending that UK been experiencing is majorly as a result of rapid increase in the imports leading to the worsening of the current account. Looking at the 1980s boom, it is evident that the fall in the rate of savings and the resulting rise in the consumer spending of the UK citizens led to the record deficit in current accounts. On the other hand, the recession experienced in 1991 which resulted to the consequent improvement in the current account improvement and subsequent falling in the spending on imports (Guillermo 1978). Another important reason that can be attributed to the deficit in balance of payments is the overvalued exchange rates. This, apart from, other countries like Spain, Greece and Portugal can be attributed to the large account deficits in the countries as it makes exports from the countries more expensive in the international markets while the imports becomes cheaper. This is a motivation to the local consumers to purchase of the imports which are relatively cheap while on the other hand making the market tougher for the exporters since it makes them uncompetitive in the market compared to exporters from other countries. With overvalued exchange rate, there are expectations of general competitiveness in amongst various firms. A decline in relative competitiveness coupled with rising costs, poor quality of goods and industrial unrests which results to difficulties in making exportations which causes deterioration of the current account of the UK (Stijn 1988). Various economists have attribute

International Corporate Finance - Business Report Essay

International Corporate Finance - Business Report - Essay Example This is because South Africa is one of the major producers of gold in the world. The Foreign Direct Investments policies of the country and a suitable market entry mode have been suggested in order to direct KM an entry path towards South Africa. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 5 Background 5 Mission of King Minerals Limited (KM) 6 Outline of the Study 6 Country Risk Analysis 6 Political Risk Analysis 6 Government in South Africa 8 Government Policies for Mining Industry 8 Economic or Financial Risk Analysis 9 Gold Mining Contribution to GDP 10 Gold Mining Impacts on South Africa 12 Affect of Gold Mining on the Economic Condition 12 Taxation System for Mining Industry 13 Foreign Direct Investment 14 Conclusion and Recommendations 15 References 16 Bibliography 18 Introduction Background The study aims at conducting a country risk analysis to assist the Australian Investment Bank in advising about investment opportunities in South African gold mining industry. King M inerals Limited (KM), an Australian mineral firm wanted to float an ambitious program for exploring and extracting gold in Africa, so it is important to conduct an analysis of Africa and its gold mining industry. The political, social and economic record of South Africa to a large extent is influenced by the exploration of a glittering metal called Gold. The gold mining industry played a very significant role in the economy of South Africa, with respect to its employment opportunities, exports, financial growth and a huge contribution to the revenue generated from government tax. The gold mining industry contributed about 1.4 percent to the GDP of the country in the year 2004 (Kearney, 2012). However, in 2006, the prices of gold increased as the focus was mainly on productivity and cost. The production of local gold decreased by 7.5 percent, which was about 275 tons, but in spite of this the gold industry of South Africa is in the top most producer of gold in the global market, whic h is about 11.2 percent. Gold mining sector is critical for the South African economy. In the year 2006, this sector contributed R36.7 billion to the total export of South Africa, which was about 8.4 percent, and 1.1 percent of the GDP (Chamber of Mines of South Africa. 2008). The gold industry is also linked to the other developments in the country such as the infrastructure development, formation of capital, and also urbanization. The gold industry is taxed in a much different way that the other industries of South Africa. The taxes are imposed on a formula basis, while all the other mineral industries are taxed on a flat rate in case of income tax filings. However, the tax authorities in South Africa have decided to introduce revenue system that is based on royalty for imposing tax on the gold revenue mining. This regulation has been imposed since 2009 (PWC. 2012). Mission of King Minerals Limited (KM) King Minerals Limited (KM) is committed towards creating and delivering outsta nding values to the stakeholders through the development, exploration, and mining of gold and other valuable metals. Outline of the Study The study attempts to focus on the country risk analysis of South African gold mining sector and assess the various risk factors that need to be analyzed before developing a business proposal for exploration and mining activities in South Africa for gold. The study begins with a background of the gold mining industry of South

Manufacturing strategy and operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Manufacturing strategy and operations - Essay Example The adoption of this approach has a number of benefits to an organisation and the overall consumer satisfaction. In analysing this option of production, the paper will provide a case study of Nike, a company that has operated sweatshops in various parts of the world including Asia and South America. The benefits of this geographically distant manufacturing strategy adopted by the company will be evaluated in line with the principles of this approach. Geographically-distant low cost manufacturing impacts on global customer service expectation The current crave with geographically-distant low manufacturing location has led to the emergence of manufacturing units in china and other countries. This is attributed to the low cost of labour and materials in these countries, which lead to production of low cost goods. Through this approach of manufacturing, a number of organisations have significantly increased production of low cost goods and services, which has affected positively on the o verall costs of the product (Tengstam, 2008). Nike through its units in Asia and other parts of the world where the cost of labour and materials are low, have increased its production of low cost footwear. As one of the largest manufacturers of sports footwear in the world, the company has improved its global customer satisfaction through 100% outsourcing of its production processes. Through this process, the company focuses on research and development and leaves the engaging processes of manufacturing and large-scale production to offshore-outsourced companies. This ensures that the company presents well designed and consumer taste based footwear, which improves the organisation’s market influence (Kumar, 2001). One of the open costs of long distance manufacturing processes to customers is the low cost of goods produced due to the low production costs and raw materials. As a company that uses raw materials from china, Indonesia and India, Nike has increased its market contro l due to the relatively low costs of its products. The intensive cost of installing and maintaining a production unit increases the overall cost of production and this is responsible for increased cost of products in a number of multinationals. This does not however occur with Nike as it focuses on research and development processes which results into production of high quality-low cost goods. The capital costs of installing more production machinery are thus bypassed and this enables the business to produce low cots footwear and other sport accessories (Harzing, 2005). Nike’s logistic and manufacturing strategy The manufacturing strategy of Nike has remained its core strength and reason for dominance in the global market as it has enhanced its core competiveness. As an approach that seeks to eliminate initial capital and the need to manage production cost, Nike developed the use of offshore sweatshops operated in Asia and southern America. These contracted companies have the capacity to produce high quality footwear and sports accessories, which enhances its competitive strength in the market. Within these sweatshops in Asia and South America, Nike monitors the production quality and sends expatriates to these factories to manage their production proces

How to Write a Bad Essay Essay Example for Free

How to Write a Bad Essay Essay It is very easy to find any sort of information in the books or internet sites, which can be helpful for those students, who want to write a good essay. Our professors explain us how to organize our work on the essays, how to do a good research or how to create a clear thesis statement. From our friends or classmates we can get a good piece of advice on how to plan, reference and format our writing correctly. However, it is really very difficult to find some useful information for those students, who intend to write a really bad essay. There are no good books or articles, which can help or at least give some ideas for such students. That is why those students, who want to make their essays really bad and unusable, have to spend a lot of efforts and be very creative. In order to write a bad essay, the first and very important steps are to avoid looking for any relevant information and not to do any sort of academic research. It is recommended also not to visit any lectures and not to use any notes of the classmates on the subject. Second, for producing a bad essay it is absolutely essential to spend as less time as possible for your writing. It is good to start working on the essay right before the deadline: this will help you to avoid the temptation to go to a library, consult your professor or look for some reputable scholar sources. The third step is not to do any planning of the writing, especially not to write any outline or summary. The next step of producing a terrible essay is to avoid coming up with any idea or point of the writing. It is also important to keep away from answering the questions of the essay clearly and concisely. Instead, you can write down everything which is unrelated or is currently in your mind. The further step for those students, who want to write a terrible essay, is to be sure that it has no certain clear thesis statement or proper structure, as well as no such components as an introduction, body paragraphs and conclusion. The next essential step is not to be concerned about any plagiarism and stealing someone else’s ideas or thoughts for your essay. Usual â€Å"copy-paste† from an internet source, from a magazine or a book, incorporated into your writing without any citing or referencing, is one of the greatest ways to produce a bad essay. More to the point, it is essential to remember that a bad essay never has anything like a reference page or works cited page. At last, the next stage is to ignore any rules and standards of formatting and place your text randomly on the pages. Furthermore, for making your essay as worse as possible, it is crucial not to spend time for revising or re-reading your writing and ignore all possible rules of English grammar, errors, typos, run-on sentences and other imperfections. It is effective to use wrong words and numerous repetitions in the essay. As a final stage, it is very important not to allow any of your friends or classmates to help you and check out your essay for clarity and content. Finally, the very last idea is to print out your essay on dirty or used paper and be sure that it is late for submission. The majority of people are convinced that it is very easy to write a bad essay, because no special skills or talents are required. Nevertheless, taking into account everything mentioned above, it must be clear for every student that producing a bad writing is, actually, very hard and exhausting job. It takes a lot of attention and a lot of hard work, therefore, not everyone can complete this assignment successfully. In my opinion, writing a bad essay definitely takes more efforts than writing a good essay. Maybe that is why a great deal of students prefer not to get into a trouble and choose not to deal with bad essays. Therefore, I am sure that it is always safer, more interesting and challenging to write good, readable, clear, laconic and fully referenced essays. Works Cited: How to Write a Bad History Essay. Keele University. History School of Humanities. 19 Apr. 2008 http://www.keele.ac.uk/depts/hi/resources/Indexes/HowToWriteAGoodHistEssay.doc .

Essay --

Intorduction What is leadership?. If I look at my life, how I see leadership, what impact did something or somebody have on my life. What characteristic do I have or does a person need to make you a good leader?. Furthermore what is my role of being a good leader and am I successful in this role as a good leader or do I have gaps?. How do I close the gaps to become a great leader?. Can I say at the end I am a good leader in what I’m doing or am I on the right track of becoming a good leader. What is leadership Leadership is all around us, there are leaders at schools, at home, at work, on the sport field, in the government. The word leaders have many meanings, it can be somebody leading others by guiding them in a direction, showing them where to go, and then you have leaders who control or rule a group a good example is president. A leader can be somebody specific to a group; this could be the general manager of a company. Therefore, we can see leadership is everywhere. Where do leadership start for me? If I have to look in to my history from child wood until now, was there any leadership fundamental in me. I’m oldest of three brothers in the family, with a 7 year gap between us. So I would say as the elderly brother I always look out for them in a protective kind of way leading them away from harm and danger. As the year go on the focus of leadership change, I had to think of my way forward and not so much in holding their hands. For me at that time it was all about vision and passion, what impact I could have on the team. When I play sport I went out and gave 120% because of my passion and proudness, I think this has to do with me not having any support from my parents, I had to proof to them that I have something in me to ... ...art of my success is that I had a couple of dreams; one was to becoming somebody in sport and the other was to be somebody from whom others could learn. As for the rest of it is there, but still need to work on them, bringing them together so that they can work as one. With dreams you have to have a vision, how you going to make this dream become a reality. Share your vision with others, your team wants to work with you to complete the vision. Ownership, make them believe it is there goals and vision. Communication, you need to have a good, effective communication with the right attitude. Furthermore, you need to be flexible, open-minded, thinks outside the box, and know that not all problems have the same solution. Conviction, a strong vision, and the willpower to see it through, because your team will not support or respect your vision if you don’t believe in it.

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Coltan Downey Ms. Littlefield AIDS Research Paper 16 December, 2013 Haitian Success HIV/AIDS has become so prevalent throughout the world that it is now rated as the second deadliest infectious killer behind tuberculosis. Over 35 million people in the world are currently living with HIV/AIDS and approximately 262 new infections occur every hour. On the small island nation of Haiti, in 2005, about 190,000 citizens lived with HIV/AIDS, which was approximately 3.8% of the entire population. Since then, there has been a dramatic decline in the percentage of the infected population. It has recently been recorded that the disease currently infects about 120,000 citizens, which is only just over 1% of the entire countries population. Since 2005, there has been more than a 47% decline in HIV/AIDS related deaths, showing that a country, suffocated by poverty, and disease, as well as overcoming the overwhelming earthquake, can do something to lower the infection rate of HIV/AIDS and raise awareness with little to no medical technology or healthcare. Haiti also has a very uns table political center, which begs the question†¦ Why can’t any other countries do the same thing? HIV/AIDS emerged in Haiti in the late 1970’s, which was just about the same time that the disease started to break out in the United States. At about this time, in the United States, the disease was discovered in Haitians who immigrated to the United States in search for a better life. When this was discovered, the CDC (Center for Disease Control) did not want to believe that the disease that infected homosexual men and drug users in the United States was the same disease that had infected Haitian immigrants. In 1982 however, the CDC named four risk factors for the disease... ... news about AIDS all the time, but we can give you some good news about AIDS in Haiti.† Yes the rates in Haiti have declined but not all of the news in Haiti surrounding HIV/AIDS is positive. The rates have decreased but only mostly in rural areas and, children in Haiti are becoming sexually active at a younger age and only about 28 females and 15 males ages 15 to 24 are educated about HIV prevention. This lack of knowledge as well as the younger population becoming sexually active may cause the rates in Haiti to spike if the situation is not controlled or, if education is not a primary concern in the fight against HIV/AIDS in Haiti. Haiti has been a â€Å"Top Prospect† when it comes to countries fighting HIV/AIDS and has shown promise but the declining rates of infection may not last long if Haiti does not keep up with educating the population on HIV/AIDS prevention.

Comparative Politics: Uk and Us

At base, a congress and a parliament seem to be very similar things the legislative branches of the majority of the world's democracies which are filled with popularly elected men and women who come together to decide the legislative issues of their home nation. However, despite the initial impression of sameness, the two are very different in two key areas: how one is elected to the body and what one does once elected. The difference can begin to be seen in the origins of the words. Congress is based on an ancient Latin word meaning â€Å"a coming together,† which is precisely what happens in a congress representatives from all the parts of a nation coming together to discuss matters of state. Parliament, however, has its roots in a French word meaning â€Å"To talk,† and there certainly is a great deal of talking going on in any parliament. In fact, this simple linguistic difference leads one to the chief difference in the election process. A congress is based upon primary elections in which the general populace selects their candidates more based upon their personalities and individual plans for office, while in a parliament, the delegates are chosen to run by their own political parties based almost entirely on their willingness to follow party standards. While party certainly comes into play in any congress, the individual really does mean more in elections to that body. And it is that sense of individuality that leads to the second main difference between the two. In a parliamentary government, the Prime Minister and his cabinet (The leaders of the nation) are chosen from the majority party in the country's parliament. Thus, if the members of that party begin voting against their party's ideals in the body, the entire government can come apart, forcing an election of a new Prime Minister. With this in place, many parties very carefully restrict the freedoms of their delegates to ensure the safety of their Prime Ministers. In a congress, however, the executive branch is entirely separate from the legislative, allowing the members to vote freely based on the wishes of their constituents and own consciences, with no fear of doing permanent harm to government itself. Their increased individual power leads to many interesting phenomena, not the least of which being that they receive a much larger salary than parliamentary delegates individual congressmen are simply more important. And thus do the two differ from one another in many ways, making each a great deal more than a simple collection of delegates arguing about issues of state.

Improving Scope Definition Through Project Performance Information Technology Essay Essays

Improving Scope Definition Through Project Performance Information Technology Essay Essays Improving Scope Definition Through Project Performance Information Technology Essay Essay Improving Scope Definition Through Project Performance Information Technology Essay Essay the work that must be performed to present a merchandise, service, or consequence with the specified characteristics and maps )[ 7 ]. Project range definition is the procedure by which undertakings are defined and prepared for executing and It is at this important phase where hazards associated with the undertaking are analyzed and the specific undertaking executing attack is defined[ 8 ]. It follows from above definitions that if the work to be done in a undertaking is non clear or non decently defined, the executing of such undertaking will run into jobs. One of such jobs is cost overproductions. Poor range definition and loss of control of the undertaking range rank as the most frequent lending factors to be overproductions [ 9 ]. 2.3 Work Breakdown Structure ( WBS ) and WBS Dictionary A range is better understood when interrupt down into smaller manageable spots or constituents and the WBS helps to make this. The WBS is a tree construction of in turn farther dislocations of work range into constituent parts for planning, delegating duty, managing, commanding, and describing undertaking advancement[ 10 ]. The top of the tree represent the whole and subsequent degrees represent divisions of the whole on a degree by flat footing until the smallest component desired is defined[ 11 ]. What the WBS contains are scope deliverables and non the activities and undertaking to carry through the deliverables. These undertaking and activities are covered in the undertaking agenda. However a agenda draws from the lowest degree of the WBS which is the work bundle. The WBS is farther defined as an effectual show technique for specifying and forming undertaking work. For the proprietor, the WBS represents what is being bought while for the contractor, it contains all work being performed on the undertaking [ 12 ]. The WBS is derived from the Asset Owner s range statement. The WBS does non stand entirely, as a lexicon of existent range must attach to the WBS construction[ 13 ]. The WBS dictionary describes the particulars and exact range of each deliverable. While the WBS is an effort to decently specify range its success has nevertheless been limited. The chief ground is that its elements and descriptions are non standardized even within the same organisation. Some organisations and undertaking directors are even confused about the proper usage of the WBS. Humphreys, G, 2002, alluded to this confusion when he asked the inquiry, If this structured attack to forming the range of work ( mentioning to WBS ) is normally used, why is there confusion? [ 14 ]. Humphreys reply is that some individuals use the WBS to reflect the organisation that is carry throughing the work instead than the work itself[ 15 ]. Other misconceptions are comparing the WBS with a agenda or list of activities to present the plants. The terminal consequence of these misconceptions and deficiency of criterions is hapless range definition. 2.4 Poor Scope Definition and Reasons for it. Poor range definition refers to scope whose definition is uncomplete, unequal, inaccurate or obscure. As before stated hapless range definition is the root cause of many undertaking failures. One may desire to inquire, what are the grounds for hapless range definition? I province below a few of the grounds: Absence or non usage of a range definition tool Absence of standardised WBS The hastiness to acquire budget blessing Poor interface between Engineering ( Design ) and undertaking squad Customers/Client non doing up their heads on clip. Incompetence of design squad Misinterpretation of clients demands For 1st clip plus proprietors ; non grasp of the terminal merchandise from the beginning. Owner non willing to perpetrate resources for full range definition 3 THE NEED TO IMPROVE PROJECT SCOPE DEFINITION The demand to better undertaking range definition arises from the impact hapless range definition has on undertakings. Where range definition is hapless a undertaking is impacted in several ways. Some of these impacts are summarized here below: 3.1 IMPACTS OF POOR PROJECT SCOPE DEFINITION Impact on cost estimations: Poor scope definition leads to detain in the bringing of estimations, over or under appraisal, high degree of eventuality allowance and uninterrupted alteration of the estimations as omitted points are added or inaccurate points are corrected. Furthermore concluding cost will be higher than budgeted. Harmonizing to OConnor and Vickroy 1986, concluding undertaking costs can be expected to be higher because of the inevitable alterations which interrupt undertaking beat, cause rework, increase undertaking clip, and lower the productiveness every bit good as the morale of the work force[ 16 ]. Impact on agenda: Poor scope definition leads to schedule slippage and accordingly late bringing of the undertaking. A typical illustration is the add-on of necessary work points that were omitted from the range the agenda was based on. These will necessitate extra clip to be after and put to death. There would besides be holds ensuing from the integrating of the new plants into the bing plants as the undertaking beat will be disrupted and some points reworked. Poor range definition leads to an unrealistic agenda and this will give false information during advancement measuring. This means that a contractor could be overpaid or underpaid when earned value measuring is based strictly on the agenda. Another impact is that resources will be wrongly allocated to activities as their exact range is unknown. Impact on hazard appraisal: One of the hazard events that undertakings cater for is deficiency of, or hapless range definition. This hazard is mitigated by the usage of eventuality, pecuniary in instance of cost estimations and extra resources or longer continuances in footings of agenda. Contingency is an sum added to an estimation or agenda to let for alterations that experience shows will probably be required[ 17 ]. These are normally referred to as Known Unknowns . Experience has shown that one time a eventuality is provided, it is frequently used up. Furthermore the cost of the alterations covered by eventuality for points that are non similar to bing plants are higher because of clip difference and deficiency of competition during the executing stage, therefore the plus proprietor pays more than he should hold paid if the range was wholly defined before executing stage. Claims and many alteration orders: Poor scope definition leads to schedule slippage which in bend leads to contractual claims for extension of clip every bit good as extended undertaking direction, caput office operating expense and site indirect cost. Apart from clip extension claims, there would besides be claims for loss of net income, underutilization of planned resources, standby clip necessitated by many range alterations and outstanding work range definitions and elucidations. Where there is schedule slippage, the undertaking proprietor may order acceleration steps to unclutter out the slippage. The cost for this acceleration is recoverable by the contractor if the cause of agenda slippage is due to hapless range definition. The undertaking proprietor ends up paying more than he should hold paid if range was good defined. Undertaking Abandonment: If the impacts discussed above are extended, the undertaking may be abandoned as the proprietor may non hold the necessary financess to go on with the plants. This is normally the instance with many authorities undertakings. Furthermore the return on investing ( ROI ) may no longer be attractive coercing the proprietor to abandon or suspend the undertaking. If we must avoid or minimise the above impacts, a batch more work demand to be done at specifying the undertaking range. Following this demand for improved undertaking range definition, the Construction Industry Institute ( CII ) funded a research which resulted to the development of a undertaking definition tool, called the Project Definition Rating Index ( PDRI ) , Industrial version in 1996. The Building version followed in 1999. The following section of this paper will discourse the Project Definition Rating Index and how it is used to better undertaking range definition 4 PROJECT DEFINITION RATING INDEX ( PDRI ) 4.1 WHAT IT IS The Project Definition Rating Index ( PDRI ) is a undertaking direction tool designed to increase the likeliness of undertaking success by bettering undertaking range definition, specifically by placing lacks in range definition early during the front-end planning procedure[ 18 ]. Cho C. S and Edward Gibson Jr described it ( PDRI-Industrial ) as a range definition tool that is widely used by contrivers in the industrial undertakings sector[ 19 ]. Edward Gibson Jr ( 2004 ) described it as a hazard direction tool as it identifies and steps hazards related to project range definition[ 20 ]. There are two versions of this tool, the PDRI Industrial undertakings and PDRI Building undertakings. PDRI Industrial was developed in 1996 for Industrial undertakings such as refineries, chemical workss, power workss and heavy fabrication while the edifice version was developed from the Industrial version in 1999. It covers assorted constructing types such as offices, schools, flat edifices, hotels etc. The construction of the PDRI is as follows: Table 1: PDRI Structure[ 21 ] Version Sections Classs Elementss PDRI Industrial 3 15 70 PDRI Buildings 3 11 64 Please see Appendix 1[ 22 ]for description of the subdivisions, classs and elements ( PDRI Buildings ) The elements are critical range definition elements divided into classs and subdivisions as shown in table 1 above. The elements are arranged in a leaden mark sheet format and supported by 38 ( 34 for PDRI Industrial ) pages of elaborate description and checklist[ 23 ]. The elements covers all range countries expected in a typical undertaking. The leaden mark sheets show the subdivision, the class, elements with their weights and the range definition degrees every bit good as a column for component mark. The range definition degrees are 6 in figure runing from 0, which means non applicable, to 1, intending complete definition, 2 minor lacks, 3 some lacks, 4- major lacks and 5- incomplete or hapless definition. The weights were determined via workshops sing the comparative importance of each component to each other and its possible impact on the undertaking. Each component has a alone weight under each of the definition degrees ( degrees 1 5 ) , flat 0, being an component that is n on applicable to the undertaking under consideration. If all degree 5 ( uncomplete range definition ) assigned weights are added together for the 70 elements of PDRI Industrial ( 64 for PDRI Building ) we would hold a entire leaden mark of 1000 points which is the worst instance. Similarly if all elements are wholly defined i.e at degree 1 definition, the add-on of the assigned leaden tonss for the 70 elements ( or 64 PDRI Buildings ) under this definition would give a sum of 70 points, which is the best instance. In a typical undertaking appraisal utilizing PDRI, the undertaking mark would be between 70 and 1000 points. It follows that the lower the undertaking score the better defined the undertaking is in footings of range. A mark of 200 points or below utilizing this tool was shown to statistically increase the predictability of undertaking result. A sample of 40 undertakings utilizing the industrial version of the PDRI indicated that those undertakings hiting below 200 versus those hiting above 200 had: Average cost nest eggs of 19 % versus estimated for design and building Schedule decrease by 13 % versus estimated for design and building Fewer undertaking alterations Increased predictability of operational public presentation [ 24 ]. Table below is an infusion of a leaden mark sheet. Table 2: Infusion of PDRI weighted score sheet ( Buildings )[ 25 ] Definition degrees 0 = Not Applicable 2 = Minor Deficiencies 4 = Major Lacks 1 = Complete Definition 3 = Some Deficiencies 5 = Incomplete or Poor Definition A undertaking squad utilizing this tool reviews each of the 70 or 64 elements ( industrial or edifice ) along with its item description and compares them to the range definition bundle of the undertaking under consideration and scores the completeness of the element definitions. The mark for each component is recorded in the mark column and added to give the class mark and the class tonss are added to give the subdivision mark, subdivision tonss are added to give the undertaking PDRI mark. The lower the PDRI score the better the range definition. How existent marking is done will be discussed subsequently in this paper. Benefits of the PDRI The PDRI has many benefits or utilizations. Harmonizing to Cho, C.S and Gibson, G. Jr, 2001, it can be used as: A checklist that a undertaking squad can utilize for finding the necessary stairss to follow in specifying the undertaking range A listing of standardised range definition nomenclature An Industry criterion for evaluation the completeness of the undertaking range definition bundle during the planning procedure in order to mensurate advancement, buttocks hazard, and re-direct hereafter attempt. A agency for undertaking squad participants to accommodate differences utilizing a common footing for undertaking rating A tool that aids in communicating and alliance between proprietors and design contractors by foregrounding ill defined countries in a range definition bundle A preparation tool for organisations and persons A benchmarking tool for organisations to utilize in measuring completion of range definition versus the public presentation of past undertakings, in order to foretell the chance of success on future undertakings. [ 26 ] Using the PDRI to measure undertakings degree of definition This subdivision deals with the existent marking of a undertaking to find its degree of definition. A undertaking squad meets at any point during the pre-project planning stage to carry on the appraisal. Amongst them is an independent facilitator who is sooner non portion of the undertaking squad but has good cognition of the undertaking. The undertaking squad and facilitator are provided with the range definition bundle of the undertaking ( scope statement, WBS, surveies, design sketches/drawings, specifications etc ) an un-weighted PDRI mark sheet, elaborate PDRI elements description and a leaden mark sheet sooner for merely the facilitator. It is non advisable to supply the leaden mark sheet to team members at the hiting session as they may be tempted to aim a peculiar mark. An un-weighted mark sheet for Buildings is shown in Appendix 2[ 27 ]. Each component and its description are read from the PDRI and this is compared to what is provided in the range definition bundle of the undertaking being assessed. See infusion of element description in Appendix 3[ 28 ]. The undertaking squad by consensus selects a degree of definition ( 0 to 5 ) that fits the component under consideration and checks the box under the definition degree that correspond to the component. The facilitator picks the leaden mark that corresponds with the checkered definition box ( in un-weighted mark sheet ) and transportations it to the mark column of the leaden mark sheet and that becomes the mark for the component. This procedure is repeated for all the PDRI elements. The elements score so derived are added together to give the class mark and the classs score added together give the subdivisions mark and subdivisions mark added gives the PDRI mark for the undertaking. The lower the entire PDRI mark, the better the undertaking range definition. Higher weights signify that certain elements within the range bundle deficiency equal definition and should be re-examined anterior to building paperss development. [ 29 ] Improvement of range definition utilizing PDRI The PDRI 70 or 64 elements ( Industrial or Building ) are comprehensive descriptions of all range issues to be encountered in a undertaking. They are issues that need to be addressed in pre-project planning[ 30 ]. If Undertaking proprietors and design squads work with the PDRI elements, they are non likely to hold skips of critical elements in the undertaking range. It serves as their checklist in specifying the undertaking range. With the elaborate description of the PDRI elements a installation proprietor is made cognizant of the extra information he needs to supply to guarantee undertaking success. When these are provided scope definition is improved. One of the ways to better undertaking range definition is the usage of standardised work interrupt down construction ( WBS ) . An acceptable standardised WBS has been an semblance both in the Building and Industrial Sector. The hierarchy of PDRI subdivisions, classs and elements can organize the footing of a work dislocation construction ( WBS ) for proper range planning[ 31 ]. This can be adopted as a criterion topic to some amendments discussed subsequently in this paper. The PDRI hiting procedure throws up points that are ill defined and therefore necessitate farther action. So instead that travel with uncomplete range into the following gate or executing stage, a better definition is sought and achieved before proceeding. When making a PDRI appraisal equivocal statements or definitions are identified and clarified from relevant stakeholders, therefore bettering on the range definition. Some Examples of Current Application of PDRI The US Army Corps of Engineers in its Engineering and Construction Bulletin No. 2010-17 dated 29th July 2010 issued a guideline for the execution of Project Definition Rating Index. It states Get downing with the FY11 USACE managed MILCON Program, execution of PDRI will be a demand. [ 32 ] The US Department of Energy besides issued a usher for the usage of PDRI for its Traditional Nuclear and Non- Nuclear Construction Projects, dated 22nd July 2010. It stated, This Guide assists persons and squads involved in carry oning appraisals of undertaking definition ( i.e. how good has front terminal planning been conducted to specify the undertaking range ) utilizing a numerical undertaking direction tool developed by the Construction Industry Institute ( CII ) that has been tailored for DOE usage. The tool is called the Project Definition Rating Index ( PDRI ) [ 33 ] PDRI IN AN INTEGRATED PROJECT DELIVERY APPROACH The PDRI has by and large been applied to traditional building undertakings that follow the design, command and concept attack. In this attack the design squad coatings their work and handover to the building squad. The building squad foremost interface is normally after the completion or partial completion of the elaborate designs. At this point the executing is ready to get down, and clip and budget are already firmed up. Any disagreements noticed between assorted drawings and skips and or add-ons at this point forth translate to bespeak for alteration orders. The consequence of hapless range definition begins to attest. Construction today is traveling from the traditional attack described above to Integrated Project Delivery attack. Integrated Project Delivery ( IPD ) is a undertaking bringing attack that integrates people, systems, concern constructions and patterns into a procedure that collaboratively harnesses the endowments and penetrations of all participants to cut down waste and optimize efficiency through all stages of design, fiction and building[ 34 ]. In an incorporate procedure hazard and benefits are jointly shared. Cardinal demands in the IPD procedure are coaction and early engagement of assorted stakeholders. The proprietor, designer, applied scientists, contractor, subcontractors are assembled at the origin of the undertaking and they jointly work through the clients brief or statement of range, doing parts from their assorted subjects. This collaborative attack is continued through the assorted stages of the undertaking until the plants are completed and handed over to the proprietor. Scope definition in this attack is a joint work devising room for varied and comprehensive thoughts ; points that would hold caused disagreements on site are thrown up and resolved. Those who normally asked for information elucidations at executing phase are all portion of the squad developing the range and are therefore able to indicate out those countries that are normally uncomplete in range definition utilizing the traditional building attack. In this attack the PDRI in its current signifier can be used as a benchmark for the completeness of the information that the elaborate design would be based on. PDRI IN A BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL ( BIM ) ENVIRONMENT BIM is an Integrated Project Delivery Approach with practical theoretical accounts and informations bases. A edifice information theoretical account ( BIM ) is a digital representation of physical and functional features of a installation. As such it serves as a shared cognition resource for information about a installation organizing a dependable footing for determinations during its life-cycle from origin onward [ 35 ]. The basic theoretical account is 3D but when sequence of building is added, it becomes a 4D theoretical account. When linked with gauging package it becomes a 5D theoretical account. The usage of 3D theoretical account in BIM enhances visual image and provides lucidity peculiarly for individuals with small accomplishments in reading building drawings. As an IPD procedure the undertaking stakeholders are assembled early in the planning procedure and working collaboratively are able to bring forth a batch of diverse and comprehensive range information within a short clip. Based on the generated information, the Architect, Engineers, and fiction contractors/subs develop their practical theoretical accounts which are shared with the squad members. By this attack countries of struggle are identified and fi xed while still in the design development phase. In the traditional building attack these struggles are non identified until the executing stage and they by and large lead to alter orders and hence cost overproductions. BIM is based on information and information which must be organized, stored, retrieved, and transmitted through out the life rhythm of a undertaking. One of the pictured tools for forming information in BIM is the Omniclass Construction Classification System ( OminClass or OCCS ) . Harmonizing to the US National Institute of Building Sciences, OmniClass is applicable for forming many different signifiers of information of import to the NBIM Standard, both electronic and difficult transcript[ 36 ]. OmniClass has 15 tabular arraies for categorization of building information. For illustration building information can be classified by elements ( table 21 ) , merchandises ( table 23 ) , subjects ( table 33 ) etc. Entries in the OmniClass tabular arraies can be explicitly defined in the IFDLibrary one time and reused repeatedly, enabling dependable automated communications between applications a primary end of NBIMS[ 37 ]. IFD Library is a sort of lexicon of building industry footings that must be used systematically in multiple linguistic communications to accomplish consistent consequences. The PDRI can happen look in BIM if its 64 elements are aligned with the OmniClass elements table. But herein besides lies the restriction as the information in BIM can be organized with several other tabular arraies. Where this is the instance the PDRI will non be utile. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The PDRI is a range definition tool that can be used on any undertaking with enormous benefits as before highlighted. Its usage minimizes the effects of hapless range definition on a undertaking. However the use is still limited to America and some parts of Europe. Sing its part to project success I recommend that the tool be widely publicized for usage by a greater audience. Many people already use one signifier of WBS or the other for range definition, the job nevertheless is the non standardisation of the WBS and its dictionary. OmniClass is turn outing to be a dominant categorization system whose elements can be used to organize the edifice blocks of a standard WBS alongside the IFD Library. It is recommended that the PDRI elements be updated and aligned with the OmniClasss elements to guarantee its continued utility in a fast changing building Industry. The PDRI is most suited for traditional building attacks. With modern undertaking bringing attacks such as IPD and BIM, the demand for the recommended alliance of PDRI elements with OmniClass can non be over emphatic. The PDRI in its current signifier has limited application in IPD and BIM environment. The Project Definition Rating Index ( PDRI ) is a undertaking direction tool designed to increase the likeliness of undertaking success by bettering undertaking range definition, specifically by placing lacks in range definition early during the front-end planning procedure[ 38 ]. Analysiss of tonss from a undertaking appraisal utilizing the PDRI isolates ill defined elements of range for which farther action can be taken. When this farther action is taken it leads to betterment in the overall definition of the undertaking range. I hence recommend this tool for anyone who wants to better undertaking range definition and guarantee success in his undertaking.